Author: Chris YuanFounder: UMIC project/Planet Expedition Commanders Academy (PECA); InnovaSpace advisory group The Ursa Minor Interstellar City (UMIC) project was born out of the need to create accessible and sustainable space simulation environments on Earth. Inspired by NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) and NEEMO underwater project, as well as ESA’s CAVES programme, UMIC reimagines these concepts to provide affordable, eco-friendly simulations that bring space exploration closer to ordinary people, considering the following scientific principles:
![]() A Journey of Innovation In 2020, collaboration with Professor Thais Russomano on the Evetts-Russomano (ER) CPR method sparked the idea for UMIC’s Underwater Space City. Over four years, UMIC has developed the complete underwater space city elements: EVA training spacecraft, animal spacecraft, lunar commuter motorcycle, space farm, the world's largest astronaut helmet, and the smallest underwater cafe - Galaxy Cat Cafe (see videos below). We can even provide astronauts with a cup of hot coffee underwater, and broadcast space education for young people around the world, truly realizing the popularization of space exploration education. Mission and Impact UMIC’s goal is to train commercial astronauts to thrive in space and on alien surfaces while establishing ecological, multi-species habitats. By fostering collaboration and resilience, it not only advances humanity’s path to becoming a multi-planetary species but also strengthens our ability to protect Earth and preserve its ecosystems
What Sets UMIC Apart Unlike NASA’s and ESA’s high-cost facilities, UMIC offers a low-cost, sustainable alternative, allowing hundreds of participants to engage in thousands of underwater missions. Its innovative “Mobile Modular Underwater Space Training System” differentiates itself through its innovative implementation and broader accessibility:
By integrating science, education, and sustainability, UMIC makes space exploration accessible to people worldwide, inspiring the next generation of explorers while contributing to ecological preservation. The dedicated efforts of our 10 team members of the Space Mirror 2024 Mission are now presented below in 5 brief reports – our thanks go to the authors: Leon Li & Louis Li; Gang Wei & Yuxuan Wei; Amy Wang & Yuejuan (Jane) Weng;Wenhao Shi & Jiaqi Lin; and Yingtong Shen & Xingyue Liu.
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Topic 1: Low-cost and efficient astronaut EVA training facilities
Authors: Louis Li & Leon Li (father and son) Preface: In the near future, humans will build civilizations in outer space and on alien planets, and simulated space training for astronauts is essential. Obviously, underwater best represents the "mirror image" of space because there is also no weight. For those who are ready to enter space, they must first master training underwater, in simulated space stations or building facilities.
Last November, our team successfully built a detachable, scaffolded underwater astronaut simulation extravehicular activity training facility, which simulated immersive space building construction and human movement patterns in low-gravity and zero-gravity environments. Materials and Design: Through our team discussion, we decided to choose materials such as PVC and nylon instead of metal, mainly because of the following characteristics: 1. PVC material is cost-effective. 2. The construction of PVC pipe is quite simple. 3. PVC materials are usually lighter and easier to transport and assemble. However, there are some disadvantages: 1. PVC material is not as durable as metal. 2. Marine organisms are not easy to attach and grow on petroleum materials such as PVC. Therefore, in this case, metal materials perform better than PVC. As for the environment, the various underwater structures we expertly construct will help build more artificial reefs, bringing about the effect of marine restoration to help marine life reproduce. After team communication, we also designed a tubular lighting system. The LED light line connected with the PVC tube is elegant. It plays the role of safe lighting, guidance and beautification. The insulation layer around the light bar made of IP68 waterproof material can serve as a barrier against waterproofing and pressure. The total voltage of the current is controlled at about 24V, which can ensure safety to a large extent.
Even though it was so affordable, it allowed us to maximize our experience diving in the low gravity environment of space and simulated EVA training. I felt like I was one step closer to becoming a multi-planet species. Future improvements and summary: It took us a whole day to build it, and the spectacular view was worth the effort. Although it was worth trying, I think we can do better next time, just by reinforcing the material to a certain extent. The frame structure can be made of metal pipes to allow for attachment to marine life. Ultimately, we will frequently promote our experiments and underwater facilities and iterate at a rapid pace, as long as we can do something for the development of human civilization. Our efforts will surely translate into confidence in technology! Topic 2: Mini lunar habitat in a fish tank
Authors: Gang Wei & Yuxuan Wei (father and son) First, we created a simulated lunar environment inside a sealed container, like a cubic fibreglass fish tank. To replicate the Moon’s surface, we used black and grey sand and stones, shaping them by hand to create an uneven, bumpy texture. Larger stones were added to imitate small lunar craters.
To enhance the realism, we built a lunar lander out of LEGO. Since it naturally floats, we attached weights to make it sink properly to the bottom, ensuring a more accurate simulation. We also placed small astronaut figures around it. For a more immersive experience, we embedded a transparent helmet in the middle of the fish tank. This allows people to insert their heads and observe the simulated lunar habitat up close. Simulated Lunar Farms
We also created two simulated lunar farms using hollow acrylic spheres. Two hemispherical acrylic plates were screwed together with rubber washers at the joints to prevent water from entering, mimicking an airtight chamber similar to those that could exist on the Moon. To keep the models stable, we tied them to the bottom of the tank with ropes, preventing them from floating due to buoyancy. The internal air pressure also helps limit water from entering the chambers. Simulating Lunar Ecology Since the Moon lacks an atmosphere, the habitat inside the fish tank was designed as a sealed system with its own independent circulation. To replicate oxygen production, we introduced algae and small plants capable of photosynthesis, simulating part of a life support system for a lunar base. Each model contains an acrylic mesh that holds succulents and stones, recreating a planetary surface. The plants’ roots can extend through the mesh and reach the water, ensuring their survival while making the habitat appear more lifelike. Finally, we installed lights on top of each model, allowing clear visibility inside the simulated habitat. The final step was to fill the entire fish tank with water, completing our underwater lunar habitat simulation. Topic 3: Why open water in karst landforms is the best place to train astronauts
Author: Amy Wang and Yuejuan (Jane) Weng Amy Wang’s perspective:
I am Amy Wang, an eighth grade student at Chengdu BASIS International School. I am a Samsung Young Researcher in the UMIC program. I am participating in the November 2024 joint international mission of the Space Mirror and Underwater Space Habitat. The karst open waters of Guangxi, China, provide a realistic and complex training environment, enhancing astronauts' physical and mental preparation for space missions. I participated in many activities organized by Captain Chris this November, but I mainly focused on the two main tasks Chris gave me. The first was to test the underwater astronaut extravehicular training vehicle and the second task was to test our underwater cafe.
Underwater, there is usually zero gravity or microgravity, and it is difficult for me to control my buoyancy, so it is important for me to train my neutral buoyancy. However, zero gravity or microgravity conditions underwater simulate similar conditions in space, so I understand that the hard training I am doing today is to make me better adapted to space conditions. In addition, during my second mission, my teammates and I made a cup of coffee in the underwater space station without using our scuba! We were able to do this because we created an underwater air chamber with two cylinders, so we could take off our BCD and go into the cafe without breathing with scuba, but with the fresh air that was always flowing in the space capsule. Our team positioned the two key underwater space city facilities (spacecraft and café) 7 metres underwater in the karst cave waters near Nanning and Hechi, China.
Through this experience, I’ve recognised several advantages of using karst terrain for open-water space simulations: (1) the water temperature is a constant 22°C, allowing for year-round underwater space training, even in winter; (2) visibility is good; and (3) easy access, unlike ocean diving, which often requires a boat journey to an island, karst terrain waters are usually located in villages near central cities and can be reached by car. Yuejuan (Jane) Weng's perspective:
As a space exploration enthusiast, I participated in the international joint mission "Space Mirror 2024" to build an underwater simulated space habitat. This expedition was organized by my old friend and collaborator Chris Yuan, and supported by The Explorers Club (TEC) and InnovaSpace. Our team successfully built the two upper-level facilities of the Ursa Major Underwater Space City - the spacecraft and cafe - in the karst cave waters near Nanning, China, with a depth of 7 meters and a maximum depth of 27 meters. During the course of the mission, we completed the following intensive space simulation activities: 1. Upgrade the Ursa Major Underwater Space City to a three-star rating, with the underwater cafe as a signature feature. 2. Be the first to use SRT (single rope technology) to descend into a karst cave and establish a lunar simulation camp. 3. Hosted the first joint seminar involving domestic and foreign TEC members, featuring youth presentations and expanded educational content. 4. Completed the initial construction and application process for the European Space Agency (ESA) Moon Camp competition. I actively participated in all of these activities and obtained certification in Advanced Open Water (AOW) diving, as well as astronaut specialty diving as part of the required training. This mission further enriched my perspective as a lifelong learner, blending my expertise in exploration, science fiction writing, and leadership. This experience, combined with my interest in scuba diving and space science, deepened my understanding of why karst landscapes are particularly suitable for astronaut training.
The karst terrain features irregular underwater topography, narrow passages and natural water currents, reflecting the challenges astronauts face in microgravity and confined spaces. These characteristics make it an unparalleled environment for simulating space operations, from practicing buoyancy control to navigating tight, complex spaces such as inside a spacecraft. The natural openness of the karst system provides a more realistic and challenging training environment compared to the controlled conditions of an artificial pool. The challenges of diving in karst waters, such as controlling buoyancy, maintaining communications in confined conditions, and handling emergency situations, build physical endurance and mental focus, which are essential for long-duration missions, as astronauts need to remain calm and efficient under pressure. In conclusion, open water in karst landscapes, characterized by unique geological features such as sinkholes, caves, springs, and underground rivers, provides astronauts with a multifaceted training environment that combines physical, technical, and psychological preparation. Its natural complexity and adaptability make it a better alternative to traditional training settings, and therefore provides a compelling environment for astronaut training. Topic 4: Galaxy Cat Cafe - Evaluation Report on the World's Smallest Underwater Cafe and the World's Largest Astronaut Helmet
Authors: Jiaqi Lin and Wenhao Shi Review: the world's smallest underwater cafe experience
We applied the principle of an underwater air isolation chamber to create the world’s smallest coffee shop, where we attempted to brew coffee using raw beans—aiming to achieve a quality comparable to land-based cafés. The Process
Solution: To improve the sealed lid design for the coffee cup by adding a raised water inlet or water tube, and equipping the inlet with a one-piece movable sealing plug moved and opened through use of the tongue, so no external water enters the cup, allowing divers to fully enjoy their delicious coffee underwater.
Jiaqi Lin’s perspective:
Underwater Café Review: Real-Life Experiment Report Evaluation Background: As interest in non-traditional leisure and entertainment grows, underwater environments are gaining more attention as new areas for exploration. To assess the feasibility and user experience of such a concept, we designed and built a unique facility—an underwater café. This evaluation was conducted as a real-life experiment, providing first-hand experience and professional evaluation. Facility Overview: The underwater café is inspired by the classic design of a high-speed train head, not only for its aesthetics but also for providing enough internal space to accommodate the necessary equipment and service areas. The facility remains afloat while fresh air is continuously supplied through diving cylinders, ensuring a safe and breathable environment for visitors to enjoy their beverages underwater. In fact, the world’s smallest underwater café is essentially an oversized astronaut helmet. Once inside (from the shoulders up), astronauts can brew coffee, conduct meetings, and even host global video conferences within the helmet.
Personal Experience and Evaluation
Safety: The café is equipped with a CO₂ alarm to ensure air quality. Before entering, I received professional diving training and familiarised myself with all safety protocols. Inside the air chamber, I found the air supply stable, the air pressure comfortable, and the oxygen sufficient—all indicators of a well-functioning system that was very effective in maintaining a safe and breathable environment. Environmental Comfort: The café’s interior measures approximately one cubic metre, offering enough space for one person to enter and perform some simple tasks. The temperature is well-regulated, and despite being underwater, there is no noticeable dampness or cold feeling. Additionally, the surrounding water acts as a natural sound barrier, creating a quiet and relaxing environment. User-Friendliness: The café's design prioritises safety of users and ease of use. The process of entering and exiting the air chamber requires certain skills, but it can be easily mastered after simple guidance. The overall experience is smooth and natural, with minimal obstacles or inconvenience. Conclusion: The underwater café serves as a multifunctional astronaut helmet, an underwater space station, and a mobile NASA NEEMO-inspired facility. It combines simulated space training with entertainment, making it an accessible and affordable experience for space technology enthusiasts around the world. Topic 5: UMIC's first underwater live broadcast connects the world
Authors: Yingtong Shen & Xingyue Liu Yingtong Shen’s Perspective: My initial foray into this field was an ambitious yet humble endeavour. Using a modified fish-finding device, we attempted to capture and livestream underwater activity. This hands-on experiment resulted in a groundbreaking achievement: successfully syncing underwater visuals with a land-based audience in real time. However, this was more than just a technological breakthrough—it was a profound sensory experience. Hosting multiple underwater livestreams gave me a deeper appreciation for the beauty of underwater life. As a participant, it was awe-inspiring to watch the vivid blue world unfold on-screen, strengthening my admiration for both the underwater environment and the technology that makes it accessible. These experiments also significantly improved my operational skills and provided a stronger theoretical foundation for underwater live-streaming. Fish detection devices proved to be valuable tools in these experiments, demonstrating the potential of underwater environments for simulating space activities. This approach enhances scientific research efficiency while expanding the reach of space-related projects. By utilising this technology, we can connect with a wider audience, inspiring curiosity about the remarkable worlds of the deep sea and outer space. Live broadcasts like these blur the lines between science and public engagement, making the unknown more understandable. Xingyue Liu’s Perspective:
During UMIC's first global live broadcast from an underwater space station, I served as the underwater host, responsible for adjusting equipment, selecting camera angles, interacting with the audience, and closely coordinating with the cameraman to ensure clear visuals were captured. Our first livestream was filled with challenges and uncertainties. From solving unexpected technical problems to ensuring smooth real-time coordination, every step required careful planning and quick decision-making. The device itself had limitations. Its single-lens design restricted the field of view, requiring frequent manual adjustments to capture different angles—sometimes leading to delays or missed moments. Maintaining a steady shot added further logistical complexity. Additionally, the device could not connect directly to mobile devices, forcing us to use a less efficient method—recording the display with a phone—which affected image quality in certain lighting conditions.
This experience deepened my understanding of the potential of underwater live broadcasts as a way to showcase the inner workings of an underwater space city. While there is room for improvement, such as upgrading equipment and streamlining workflows, the possibilities are exciting. I am eager to build on this foundation and ensure future live broadcasts are smoother, more impactful, and more inspiring. Check out all 5 short reports by clicking the tabs above! Summary: UMIC’s Vision for Inclusive Space Exploration The UMIC project has successfully demonstrated a more inclusive approach to space exploration, creating a low-cost, environmentally friendly underwater space city while following the same scientific principles as NASA and ESA. Key Innovations:
Underwater serves as the closest mirror to space, and Earth remains the best school for interstellar civilisation. All images & videos copyright of Chris Yuan (UMIC project/Planet Expedition Commanders Academy)
The webinar, organised by InnovaSpace Director Prof Thais Russomano, was presented by 4 students from the Remote Medicine iBSc program, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and in association with the MVA (Moon Village Association). The focus of the event was on one of the most critical aspects of future lunar habitation: human health. Join the student panel as they explore the unique environment of the Moon, the history of its human exploration from NASA Apollo Mission first steps to future Artemis plans, its potential impact on human physical health and mental well-being, Moon research and Earth-based space analogues, and research limitations and gaps in the knowledge. Congratulations to the presenters - Manvi Bhatt, Nareh Ghazarians, Diya Raj Yajaman, & Elvyn Vijayanathan - and good luck with your future careers. With our very own Prof Thais Russomano having recently contributed to the published article - "Space Nursing for the Future Management of Astronaut Health in other Planets: A Literature Review", we thought we would highlight this niche area of nursing and ask good friend Lisa Evetts to write a few words about the role she undertook in 2011 as a Flight Nurse at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. Many thanks to Lisa for agreeing to give us an insight into the work with which she was involved. I became involved in Space research whilst my husband was completing his PhD in the early 90s, acting as ‘flight nurse’ for several parabolic flight human research studies. I went on to co-develop the Evetts/Russomano (ER) technique for basic life support in space, while continuing to work as a renal specialist nurse in the UK. In 2011, I became the sole flight nurse for the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. I enjoyed two successful years working closely with the flight surgeons within the Operational Space Medicine Unit (OSMU), as it was called then. I was part of a team responsible for the day-to-day management and administration necessary for maintaining ESA (European Space Agency) Astronaut health. One of my key responsibilities was to track and retrieve data from medical events related to ‘pre’, ‘in’ and ‘post’ space flight activities. The role also involved working as the interface between OSMU, NASA, the ESA flight clinic and occasionally the Russian Space Agency, coordinating somewhat complex planning to ensure all flight medical examinations were completed within a rigid timescale from an Astronaut’s initial mission assignment, 18 months before they flew, to two years post-mission. The examinations took place at the locations of all 3 agencies to accommodate an Astronauts packed international training schedule. Astronauts who weren’t assigned to a mission, also required coordination of annual medicals locally. I particularly enjoyed good relationships with the NASA flight nurses who I had the pleasure to meet when visiting the Johnson Space Center in Houston. It was a great opportunity to meet all those I had been communicating with by phone and email, to cement our good working relationships. I represented OSMU at weekly events such as the astronaut training coordination meetings, where planning and updates on training schedules and upcoming flight assignments would be discussed. Each team involved in preparing an Astronaut for flight was granted a certain number of hours of the astronaut’s time from a packed pre-mission schedule, to complete the necessary training and preparatory requirements. Arduous negotiations were required with other departments and the agency central mission organisation authority, should a team think they needed extra time to complete their activities. As the Flight Nurse I was responsible to lead weekly clinical meetings to update the flight surgeons on any new information and issues relating to an astronaut’s health and the work underpinning their welfare. Nurses have been associated with the space program from the very beginning of human spaceflight, with Dee O'Hara being appointed in November 1959 as the first nurse of the NASA Mercury Program. Although a niche area, more opportunities for space nurses are emerging with the involvement of commercial entities such as SpaceX and will continue to grow with the arrival of space tourism and plans to return to the Moon.
Author: Darrion K McNultyUndergrad student, Aerospace Engineering on the Pre-Medical track, Univ of Oklahoma; Project Manager, NASA's L'SPACE Mission Concept Academy; Future Pilot-Physician & Astronaut A review of original article - Building Robots For “Zero Mass” Space Exploration - written by Jacek Krywko (8th Feb 2024), published on the ARS Technica website The idea of exploring space without lugging around tons of gear sounds like something straight out of a sci-fi flick, but guess what? It might just be closer than we think! This article dives into the wild world of "Zero Mass" space exploration, where scientists are ditching the heavy payloads and instead relying on super-intelligent robots and nifty building materials. Think about it: sending stuff into space costs a fortune. Like a serious fortune. But what if we could cut down on all that weight and send up a bunch of self-replicating robots armed with super cool building blocks? That's the dream these NASA and Stanford folks are chasing. They're talking about using materials that can rebuild themselves, which is mind-blowing. It's like something out of a sci-fi novel from way back in the day. And get this - they're not just dreaming about it. They've built a bunch of these little building blocks called "voxels" and tested them out. These things are crazy vital but weigh next to nothing. So you can pack a bunch of them in your backpack and build whatever you need on the fly - like a shelter, a bridge, or even a boat! And here's the kicker - they're not just building stuff on their own. They've got these robots doing all the heavy lifting. These robots are like little construction workers, piecing together structures autonomously. It's like watching a futuristic version of a construction site! But it's not all just for show. They're thinking about using this tech to build towers on the Moon! Yeah, you heard that right. Towers on the freaking Moon! It's all about maximizing sunlight and getting the best communication signals. And with this tech, they reckon they can pull it off.
So, while we might not be hopping on spaceships and jetting off to distant planets just yet, it seems like we're getting closer every day. Who knows, maybe one day we'll all be living in moon towers built by robots. Hey, a guy can dream, right? Author: Leonardo PilattiPhysiotherapist | Currently taking Master’s degree in Space Medicine Microgravity is a fascinating topic when it comes to the study of astronaut health. When humans are exposed to microgravity, the effects on their bodies can be quite significant. One of the first things to understand about microgravity is its effect on the musculoskeletal system. In the absence of gravity, astronauts experience a decrease in muscle mass and bone density. The lack of load-bearing activity in microgravity leads to muscle atrophy and bone loss. This can result in decreased strength and increased risk of fractures once astronauts return to Earth. Another area of concern in microgravity is cardiovascular health. On Earth, gravity helps to pump blood towards the lower extremities. In microgravity, this effect is greatly reduced, causing fluids and blood to shift towards the upper body. This can lead to a decrease in plasma volume. Astronauts often have to undergo intense exercise regimes during their space missions to counteract these effects. The immune system is also affected by microgravity. Studies have shown that the immune response of astronauts is suppressed during spaceflight. This can make them more vulnerable to infections and diseases. Researchers are still studying the exact mechanisms behind this phenomenon and are trying to find ways to boost the immune system during space missions. Microgravity also has an impact on the astronaut's vision. Some astronauts have reported changes in their vision, such as an increase in visual blurring and other visual disturbances. This condition, known as spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), is still being studied to understand its underlying causes and potential long-term effects. In addition to physical health, microgravity can also impact an astronaut's mental well-being. The unique environment of space, with its isolation, confinement, and lack of natural daylight, can lead to psychological challenges such as mood swings, sleep disturbances, and increased stress. NASA and other space agencies provide mental health support and psychological training to help astronauts cope with these challenges. To mitigate the negative effects of microgravity on astronaut health, space agencies invest in various countermeasures. These include exercise programs, special diets, and even medications. Additionally, researchers are constantly studying new technologies and strategies to protect and enhance astronaut health during long-duration space missions.
In conclusion, microgravity has significant effects on astronaut health, impacting various systems in the body. The study of these effects is crucial to ensure the well-being and safety of astronauts during space missions. By understanding and addressing these challenges, we can continue to push the boundaries of space exploration while also safeguarding the health of those who venture into the final frontier. Author: Dr. Paul ZilbermanMedical Doctor, Anaesthetist, Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel
Space is very different, in many aspects. This post does not attempt to address the many changes the human body experiences in space, such as volume modifications in body compartments, fluid shifts, structural configuration in receptor* morphology and, as a consequence, possible variations in pharmacology response, etc. * For the lay reader, a receptor is a special structure on the surface of a cell, for example, that functions as a "receiving point" on which a chemical substance acts in a unique way (like a key – lock mechanism) and a specific reaction is generated (like a muscle contraction) or inhibited (like a cork closing a bottle and blocking the passage of a fluid). These complex structural changes modify many biological reactions, as well as the body’s response to medications. Rather, this post presents some of the technical challenges that an anaesthesiologist may encounter in space. Confined space. On Earth gravity keeps everyone’s feet on the ground. Different pieces of equipment can be repositioned depending on the procedure, machinery can be brought in as needed (XRay scans in orthopaedics, for instance), electric cables can be switched to other convenient wall sockets etc. In a fixed volume space capsule, you don’t have all these possibilities. Everything is measured for maximum volume efficiency. Taking into consideration that anything can and will float if not properly anchored, we can imagine what an “anaesthesia dance” could happen! What equipment? On Earth an anaesthesia workstation is always present in the OR. Depending on its complexity its volume can vary between a medium size fridge to a large double-doored one, just put on its side. You don’t have this amount of deposit in a space cabin, but let’s suppose for one moment that you do - you then need an Anaesthesia Gas Scavenging System (AGSS), which removes the anaesthesia gases that have leaked out or at the end of the procedure. On Earth, these gases are expelled into the atmosphere (there is a lot to talk about this and the greenhouse effects too) and the air currents around any medical facility carry them away. In space you don’t have this. Any gas must be expelled using energy, an active process. Otherwise, the whole cabin will become a big anaesthesia machine with all crew members affected. And, speaking of energy, an anaesthesia workstation is also powered by electricity, which is a limited resource in space, depending on the surface of the solar (or light in general) panels. This energy must be stored and used for other life maintenance systems as well, of which a critical example is the Sabatier reactor that provides oxygen. Regional anaesthesia The simplicity and portability of the necessary equipment makes this type of anesthesia attractive. For peripheral neural blocks all you need is a simple ultrasound machine and dedicated needles. The potential drawbacks are that the technique/s need to be taught on Earth but their “transposition” to space is a bit problematic. If the spinal/epidural anaesthesia is relatively simple to learn, the USG (ultrasound guided) blocks are more challenging. Furthermore, the bodily fluid shift due to the lack of gravity causes many tissues to change their tridimensional appearance, leading to increased difficulty in performing the block.
The cardiovascular responses that accompany spinal/epidural anaesthesia on Earth, in terms of heart rate and blood pressure, are different in space. There may be a lack of reactivity so a certain reduction in blood pressure, for example, might not be compensated. We need to remember that the hostile environment in space, especially radiation, affects not only the human body, but also many sensitive electronic components of medical equipment, leading to possible dysfunction. Monitors can potentially de-calibrate and all the information you receive may become inaccurate. Fluids Preparing and administering a fluid on Earth is routine, however, the lack of gravitation in space poses other challenges: air and fluids do not mix. It is called “lack of buoyancy”. Unless we use special equipment to separate fluids from air nothing can be delivered to the patient. This statement is true also for the anaesthesia vaporiser (a special closed recipient that contains the anaesthesia substance); not only can you not simply fill it the way it would be done on Earth, but even if you could, the anaesthesia liquid that becomes vapour cannot separate from the fluid from which it originates. It just cannot exit the vaporiser. Below is a small example of how liquids behave in space and what happens when a liquid exits a recipient: The same is true for another type of anaesthesia, called TIVA = Total Intra Venous Anaesthesia. This technique uses a dedicated syringe pump that pushes different anaesthesia substances through an intra venous line. It’s a useful technique both in terms of volume and energy expenditure, but again we face the same problems: how to fill the syringe without air bubbles and how to protect the electronics of the syringe pump (in fact a computer in all respects) from the deleterious influences of space radiation!
As you can see, space medicine is a very important topic and many people dream of its future use. Yet, we still have a long way to go! With the advent of intermediary space “stops” and the continuous development of new technologies, every challenge will be solved, sooner or later. Author: InnovaSpace TeamWorking towards a globally inclusive and diverse network of space professionals, researchers, entrepreneurs, students & enthusiasts - Space Without Borders ![]() Time to catch-up with our colleague from the east, Chris Yuan, who very enthusiastically and capably established the Ursa Minor project in China, under the umbrella of the Planetary Expedition Commander Academy (PECA). It involves the development of new technologies and innovative training courses to encourage and inspire a future generation of space science researchers and astronauts. As previously reported in 2022, Chris and his students learned how to perform the Evetts-Russomano CPR technique underwater on a manikin while diving, as the water simulates the weightlessness that is present in microgravity. This practice now forms part of a larger course, the Ursa Minor Interstellar Expedition Program, giving the opportunity for 12- to 18-year-olds to participate in an underwater space science training camp.
Author: Tobias LeachMedical Student, University of Bristol | iBSc Physiology at King’s College London The first edition of the InnovaSpace Journal Club was dedicated to a prospective cohort study on jugular venous flow in astronauts aboard the ISS. From this study, the issue of jugular vein thrombus formation arose, which led to some fascinating discussion on how we could possibly manage and mitigate this novel risk to astronaut health. Therefore, I thought it appropriate to use the second edition of the InnovaSpace journal club to cover the issue of bleeding in space. Major Haemorrhage in space – How can it arise? How can it be managed? Should we worry about it? PAPER PRESENTED & DISCUSSED: We used a 2019 literature review which evaluated different haemostatic techniques in remote environments and proposed a major haemorrhage protocol for a Mars mission.
The article itself stressed that while the estimated risk for major haemorrhage on a Mars mission was not very high, there were still many possible causes for a big bleed such as trauma and high dose radiation. Additionally, the changes to circulatory physiology observed in microgravity may mean astronauts are less able to cope with even small amounts of blood loss. While the literature search itself left a lot to be desired as only 3 of the 27 papers were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the results were interesting. Author: Tomas DucaiBiology (microbiology/genetics) graduate, University of Vienna - Space (medicine) enthusiast "For most people, this is as close to being an astronaut, as you’ll ever get. It’s leaving planet Earth behind and entering an alien world.“ - Mary Frances Emmons - Editor-in-chief Scuba Diving, Sport Diver & The Undersea Journal magazines Mary Frances Emmons puts into words the indescribable atmosphere of scuba diving in which the boundaries become blurred between Earth and the sky above, or at least, to be more precise, the depths of space. It is this mixture of feelings that I want to experience – diving into the element of water, which is essential for life and where physical disabilities may not matter. I have been active in the world of space exploration for over a year now and am truly interested in promoting inclusion in the space sciences and analog space missions. I have been lucky enough to meet a lot of respected people and professionals doing amazing work with great passion in their respective fields, and they have also been keen to help and support me to realize my dreams A particular person who has shaped my dreams in concrete terms is Slovakia’s one and only aquanaut (underwater analog astronaut) and Chief Scientific Officer of the Hydronaut Project (unique underwater lab serving as a research facility for survival training in limited/extreme environments) - Miroslav Rozložník. Miro is an experienced scuba-dive instructor, who I met in Prague at an international analog astronaut community event. He offered to help me experience the unique underwater atmosphere through introducing me to the world of scuba-diving, a truly cherished offer that I gratefully accepted! At the same time, I knew that having a basic introduction to scuba diving may also enhance my chances of being selected as one of the three analog parastronauts for upcoming analog missions at the LunAres analog research station in Poland, especially if underwater mission experiments are being considered.
Author: Lukasz WilczynskiCo-founder European Space Foundation | Originator of the European Rover Challenge project. Experienced dot-connector and communication consultant specialising in technology and innovation.
This interview first featured on the European Space Foundation website
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