On the coast of the Philippines, a small but unusual project is asking a bold question: could the ocean help humanity prepare for life beyond Earth?
Known as the Star Sea Alliance (SSA), the initiative describes its journey as From Sea to Space, combining marine restoration, underwater training, habitat experiments and community education. What began with artificial reef construction has grown into a broader vision: using underwater environments to explore how people might one day live and work in extreme conditions beyond Earth. 

Building from the Seabed Up
​The project’s early work focused on artificial reefs and marine habitat support along the Zamboanguita coast. Artificial reefs can help create shelter for marine life, support coral growth and strengthen damaged ecosystems.For SSA, those reef structures also became something more. Working underwater demands careful planning, teamwork, equipment management and adaptation to a hostile environment, many of the same pressures faced in space operations.
SSA refers to this evolving concept as Space Reef: marine ecological engineering that supports life in the sea today while helping inspire modular habitats for tomorrow. 

Why Train Underwater?
Space agencies have long used water for astronaut training because it can simulate aspects of weightlessness and restricted movement. SSA builds on that idea with diver-based missions, underwater construction exercises and habitat experiments.
The group’s training model, described as an Underwater Space Graded Training System, uses diving tasks to simulate teamwork, movement, repair work and maintenance in extreme environments.
In these conditions, every tool matters, communication becomes more important, and even simple tasks require patience and precision. It is not space, but it can be a valuable classroom for some of space’s challenges. 

Exposure to spaceflight, particularly microgravity, induces profound physiological alterations that compromise neuromusculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. These changes lead to muscle atrophy, bone demineralization, postural instability, and other functional deficits. Physiotherapy and related countermeasures, including tailored exercise regimens and structured rehabilitation protocols, are central to mitigating these effects during and after space missions.
Spaceflight imposes unique stressors on the human body due to the absence of Earth’s gravitational load, leading to systemic physiological adaptations. While space agencies have developed exercise countermeasures to moderate deconditioning, astronauts still face significant health challenges both during missions and upon return to Earth’s gravity. Physiotherapy plays a critical role in preparing, supporting, and rehabilitating astronaut health through evidence-based interventions.

Neuromusculoskeletal Deconditioning
Prolonged microgravity exposure leads to pronounced muscle atrophy and bone density loss, especially in weight-bearing structures such as lower limbs and the spine. Astronauts can lose significant muscle strength and up to 1–2% of bone mass per month without consistent loading stimuli. These changes parallel muscle atrophy and deconditioning observed in terrestrial patients subjected to prolonged immobilisation.
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Sensorimotor and Postural Control Deficits
Spaceflight results in impairments in postural control and dynamic gait performance due to altered vestibular inputs and neuromuscular coordination. Astronauts show significant decrements in balance and sensorimotor function upon return to Earth, comparable to the effects seen in bed-rest analog studies.
In microgravity and related analog environments, discrepancies may arise between actual body position and perceived orientation.
(A) When sensory inputs are aligned, posture is maintained with accurate perception of body position.
(B) Under conditions of reduced or conflicting sensory input, such as limited visual feedback, a mismatch can occur between actual and perceived orientation. The individual may physically lean in one direction while perceiving a lean in the opposite direction. Despite this discrepancy, stability can still be maintained.
Such orientation illusions are commonly observed on entry into weightlessness and depend on the available sensory information. In the absence of visual input, tactile cues become dominant in determining perceived orientation. Interpretation of foot pressure and support loading may therefore lead to an incorrect perception of body position.

From Imagination to Reality
​Staying in space for a few days, weeks, or even long-term missions has now become a reality. What once began as a single step on the Moon has evolved into the possibility of residing there for six months or longer, an evident transition from imagination to execution. This progression raises an important question: is it always possible to imagine something and successfully execute it in a way that results in learning and tangible benefits? 

Exploration Beyond Space​
Space missions are often portrayed as the pinnacle of human exploration. However, does that imply that science was not flourishing before the concept of space exploration emerged? In fact, it was. Philosophers and astronomers were already shaping human understanding by observing the cosmos, while early scientists designed compasses and navigation tools to determine direction and expand exploration on Earth. 
Restricting the concept of exploration solely to space missions confines imagination to a single direction. Exploration within the human body, the depths of the oceans, the skies, or the Earth itself is equally valid and profoundly impactful.

Adapting Humans to an Alien Environment
To counter these effects, innovative solutions are being developed, including precision medicine, advanced life-support systems, and ergonomically designed spacesuits. If challenges exist, humans find solutions, even long before the modern era of artificial intelligence. Imagine the prospect of walking freely in space without protective equipment or technological support? It is indeed a daunting idea. Imagination moves swiftly, whereas execution demands a well-planned strategy and substantial investment; it cannot be random.​

Evelyne Wang:
In December 2025, I participated in UMIC’s first indoor underwater “Lunar Farm” remotely operated vehicle (ROV) mission.
In early February 2026, under the guidance of Antonio P. Yocol, Head of the Offshore Resources Management Department of Zamboanguita City, Philippines, and UMIC Commander Chris Yuan, I completed a six-day scuba diving training programme followed by a two-day artificial reef restoration and coral planting project in the Philippine Sea.
The mission focused on restoring coral communities damaged by typhoons while contributing to the rebuilding of the seabed ecosystem.
Yet this project was designed to explore something more than ecological restoration alone.
Unlike conventional artificial reef deployments, this mission also functioned as a simulated lunar habitat construction exercise.

Structure and Construction:
The artificial reef consisted of eighteen 4-metre concrete pillars, each weighing approximately 850 kilograms. These pillars were lowered from the ship by crane.
On the seabed, divers operated without heavy machinery. Movement and positioning depended entirely on buoyancy bags, counterweights, and carefully coordinated underwater teamwork.
Precision and control became far more important than brute force.

Exploration, experience, and extension are intrinsic human behaviours and attitudes toward life. Whether it is an ordinary person living life in their own way or someone belonging to a particular group, everyone naturally follows this behavioural pattern. This attitude toward life does not belong to people of any specific field or domain; it is a universal human way of thinking. 
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When two people rubbed stones together for the first time, they did not know it would produce fire. It was exploration that motivated them to try. That exploration led to experience, in the form of fire, which they later extended and used for their own benefit. 

This cycle never stops, and it never will. I believe the motivation to explore is something we are born with. By the age of 24 months, babies begin to ask, “What’s that?” This shows that exploration is a basic human instinct. Therefore, we can say that exploring is a fundamental human right and reflects an individual’s attitude towards life. 
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Narrowing down the concept of exploration is a big injustice to this broad term when it is associated only with research and science. Let’s dig deeper: as human beings, are we only responsible for living a balanced life, or are we here to do something more? The immediate answer would definitely be “no.” Why? Because it goes against the thought pattern embedded in our very blueprint. 

If you’ve been anywhere near the internet this week, you will have seen that NASA is bringing the Crew-11 astronauts back from the International Space Station early due to a “medical issue.”
No great details given due to privacy rights, so no name, no diagnosis, and no great drama. Nonetheless, this lack of detail always leads to worry, much speculation and many clickbait headlines to boost page visitor numbers. But to be honest, this event holds no great mystery, it’s nothing weird, in fact, it’s probably overdue!

When we think of space exploration, we generally think of it as something heroic - big rockets, brave astronauts floating around and amazing photos of our planet Earth. What we don’t really talk about is that space is quietly hostile to the human body, not in an exploding spacesuit sci-fi drama sort of way, but in a slow, grinding, biological manner.
The simple fact is that microgravity messes with almost everything:

• Bones start leaking calcium.
• Muscles shrink.
• Blood moves around your body differently.
• Immune system gets confused.
• Eyes can change shape.
• Hearts can alter and not work in the usual way.
• Even old viruses that you had as a child can spark back into life again.

​Astronauts are not ‘ill’ in space in the usual sense, but they are also not ‘normal’ anymore. Instead, their bodies are constantly adapting and compensating for the lack of gravity, and slowly using up their safety margins.

NASA has not revealed exactly what happened to the Crew-11 astronaut who needed to come home and they probably never will. However, the important part really isn’t the specific symptom. The important part is that someone’s body crossed a line where Earth became safer than orbit. This is less about a mission failure and more about highlighting the reality of long-duration spaceflight.
The ISS has been permanently occupied for more than 25 years. In that time, astronauts have had all kinds of health issues up there, even if they were rarely described that way, for example:

• Heart rhythm changes.
• Kidney stones.
• Vision problems.
• Blood clots.
• Immune system crashes.
• People fainting and being unable to stand up when they come home.

​Most of it is explained away in polite language like “out of an abundance of caution” or for “operational reasons”, but this time, Crew-11 has said the quiet part out loud.

​Early space missions were short, just days or weeks. You could grit your teeth and push through, and before you knew it you were returning to Earth again. Nowadays, astronauts live on the ISS for six months, and sometimes longer. That turns spaceflight into something very different. It’s no longer a short sprint but more of a long-distance race, with slow exposure to an environment for which the human body was never designed. Astronauts these days are less like explorers and more like participants in long medical experiments, and sometimes experiments can end early.

InnovaSpace Director, Thais Russomano, is a doctor who specialised in space medicine and human physiology, and she will often say that space doesn’t suddenly break you. Rather, it slowly begins to nudge every single body system away from where it is accustomed to being. Most of the time, the body copes and adapts, but sometimes, it doesn’t. So, if NASA says someone needs to come home for medical reasons, it isn’t a mystery. It should be taken as a reminder that although human bodies are incredible, they still come with limits.

Fortunately for Crew-11, being on the ISS means they could come home relatively easily. But what of a Moon crew - maybe not - and a Mars crew - definitely not. There is no quick splashdown from deep space. This story perhaps reflects not so much on one astronaut on one mission, but sharply highlights where we are on a bigger journey.
​We are leaving the era of “Can humans survive in space?” and entering a new era of “Just how long can humans survive in space?”

I wouldn’t consider myself a great poet, far from it, but I would argue the case that poetry (and many of the other arts) have a rightful place in the future of space exploration. Life in space is not only about engineering solutions or medical data. Indeed, many astronauts onboard the ISS have found a need to reflect on and share their experiences, giving us a glimpse of space through human feelings and humour, more specifically through poetry.
Apollo 15 astronaut Al Worden published Hello Earth: Greetings from Endeavour in 1974, a collection of poems about his experiences as an astronaut and the feelings of joy and solitude that being in space provoked. Decades later in 2012, Don Pettit shared his own reflections while on the ISS in a short poem entitled Space Is My Mistress. These examples show that astronauts often look beyond scientific reporting, choosing poetry as a way to express moments that are difficult to put into ordinary words.

​Artistic work, including poetry, helps connect the public with space exploration. Scientific papers and technical reports can feel distant, but a poem sparks curiosity and imagination in new audiences. Some projects have even included artists directly in space-related activities, such as analog missions and exhibitions that mix art with science. These efforts highlight that exploration is not only about technology and survival, but also about culture and community. In the long run, creative expression will be an important part of how people adapt to life away from Earth.

​In honour of this blog, I thought I would write a few lines of poetry about spending time on the ISS, though let me remind you I warned in my first sentence that I am far from being a good poet – so bear with me! Here in the UK, I’m of an age that remembers an ITV television talent programme called Opportunity Knocks, decades before Simon Cowell and Britain’s Got Talent appeared on the scene. It was the mid-1970s and onto the stage walked a homely young lady called Pam Ayres, who in a little more than two minutes recited a humorous poem called ‘The Embarrassing Experience With A Parrot’. The audience loved her, I loved her, and my older brother Chris spent the following years of his life reciting Pam Ayres poems as his party trick to impress his friends! Considering all this, and remembering my brother who is no longer with us, I created a short light-hearted ode in the style of Pam Ayres, called Six Months Aloft.

​As we plan for longer missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond, it becomes clear that astronauts will need more than machines and medicine to thrive. They will also need ways to express themselves and to stay connected with their own humanity. Poetry, along with other forms of art, helps bring meaning to the experience of living in space. Whether serious or humorous, it reminds us that exploration is not only about survival, but also about creativity, culture, and simply being human.

When humans eventually set foot on Mars, they’ll face a medical challenge that rarely needs to be thought about on Earth - TIME. A radio signal between Earth and Mars can take 4 to 24 minutes to travel one way. That means if an astronaut sends a question to Mission Control, it could be more than 40 minutes before they receive a reply, which in an emergency situation is far too long to wait.
To close this gap, NASA and Google are working together on something called the Crew Medical Officer Digital Assistant (CMO-DA), an artificial intelligence system for space medicine designed to support astronauts when Earth is too far away to give immediate help. Think of it as a “medical copilot” that will not replace doctors, but instead will help the crew diagnose and manage problems step-by-step using knowledge adapted specifically to space medicine.

Unlike a standard chatbot, the CMO-DA can work with multiple kinds of input. Astronauts might type or speak questions, upload vital signs, or share images from a portable ultrasound. The system then offers possible causes, highlights urgent warning signs, and suggests treatments that match the very limited supplies they have available to them. The big difference from Earth-based systems is that it’s trained with information that reflects spaceflight medical challenges, such as fluid shifts in low gravity, the increased risk of kidney stones, or how certain drugs behave differently in space.
To test its usefulness, NASA and Google have been running the assistant through structured scenarios. These use the same exam style that medical students face, called Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, where candidates are judged on how well they manage a case. The early results look promising, with the AI decision support tool giving safe, reliable advice, and it helps astronauts approach a situation more clearly under stress.

This project is part of NASA’s broader plan for Earth-Independent Medical Operations. For deep-space missions, it has long been recognised that crews need a much higher degree of autonomy, since communication with Earth may be delayed or even cut off entirely—for example, when Mars is hidden behind the Sun. A tool like the CMO-DA gives astronauts a way to stabilise and treat a patient without waiting for ground communication.
It’s important to remember that the system is meant as support and not as an authority. Ultimately, the astronauts in-situ remain the decision-makers. The assistant provides structured checklists, reminders, and treatment suggestions. It can also document everything that was done and prepare a clear report so that, once communication is restored, doctors on Earth can follow-up what happened and advise on next steps.

The future will bring new features, with researchers aiming to link the assistant to onboard sensors, wearables, and imaging devices, and to test it in Mars analogue missions on Earth. The goal is a complete medical system—crew, tools, and smart software working together to make medical autonomy on Mars a reality.
This technology, however, isn’t just for astronauts. It could also benefit people in remote communities on Earth, where medical access and connectivity are limited. In that way, a tool built for Mars missions medical support might improve healthcare for millions here at home.
NASA and Google’s project shows how AI in aerospace medicine is shifting from science fiction into practical support for space medicine—with potential benefits reaching well beyond Mars.

Microbes are generally associated with infection, and the usual response to their mere presence is to eradicate them as quickly as possible. For example, the “no-rinse soap” used during space travel mainly consist of antimicrobials, i.e. chemicals that kill microbes, with the aim to remove bacteria on the skin.
It is correct that microbes can cause disease, but it is microbes that created an environment and an atmosphere on Earth that allow plants and animals to exist. Microbes are literally everywhere, and we ourselves depend upon microbes to keep our external facing surfaces healthy and to help with the breakdown of food in our gut and production of substances that our body needs. The microbes form actual communities with thousands of species in and on us, for example the gut, respiratory and skin microbiomes, and these communities collaborate with our immune systems.

​To give an idea of their importance, data suggest that it is the pollution from antimicrobials that is the primary responsible for climate change because their impact is very broad and reduces the microbial diversity and changes the microbial balance. Similarly, studies indicate that antibiotics have long-term impact on our health, and they have been shown to increase the frequency of cancer, diabetes, asthma as well as functional impairments in children’s development, immune function, and cognition. Poor gut health, which usually means an unbalanced and low diversity microbiome, has also been associated with mental health problems including depression and anxiety as our gut microbiome is responsible for producing substances needed for normal brain function.
On the International Space Station skin issues and problems with wound healing have been reported. Microgravity and radiation have generally been assumed to be responsible for this and the fact, that “no-rinse-soap” is a cocktail of antimicrobials, has received practically no attention. Antimicrobials are traditionally used for treating wounds, but the US FDA reported in 2016 and again in 2022 that they are ineffective in treating wounds, and studies have demonstrated that antimicrobials directly impair healing and that a healthy wound microbiome is required for healing to take place. These novel conclusions banning antimicrobials in skin care and wound healing are further supported by the positive findings with a new technology, MPPT (micropore particle technology), which acts by regulating the wound microbiome without killing anything. MPPT has been able to achieve 100% wound closure rates, including in complicated wounds and in people with impaired immune function. This observation shows that approaches that support the collaboration between the microbes and the immune system can be much more effective than the traditional, old blanket-bombing approach of eradicating all microbes, which renders the skin debilitated and less resilient.

These observations are relevant to space travel, in terms of both the environment onboard and clothing, food and methods of ”washing”. Our bodies have evolved on Earth, where microbes were and are present, and our evolution has benefited from this as the microbes assist in protecting our surfaces and in delivering nutrients and critical compounds needed for our health. This dependence persists, even if we decide to leave Earth for shorter or longer periods of time. It is therefore a necessity, particularly for deep space travel, which does not permit us returning to Earth periodically to update our microbiome, to develop environments and procedures onboard that can sustain our microbial requirements.
These considerations are based on an article recently published in Frontiers in Public Health, which focuses on the role of antimicrobials in causing climate change from severely damaging the Earth’s microbiome. The impact of antimicrobials on the Earth microbiome and the microbiome inside a space station are comparable as they are both closed systems. It is consequently important to consider the essentiality of the microbial environment, when planning human life outside the Earth’s environment.

When scrolling through the endless nonsense recently that appears on Facebook, I came across a rare post of interest detailing the remarkable work of French geologist Michel Siffre, who died a year ago this Sunday (24 August 2024), aged 85 years. In 1972, Siffre conducted an extraordinary isolation experiment in which he lived alone for 180 days in a cave 440 feet underground. He had no sunlight, no clock, and no contact with any other person, having only basic supplies, a sleeping bag, and instruments for recording his activities and observations.
His aim was to study how the human mind and body behave when deprived of all natural time cues. The results of this work, now more than 50 years old, continue to be relevant for research into human endurance, circadian rhythms, and the psychological effects of extreme isolation. They are also especially relevant for human space exploration, with space agencies considering the realities of sending people to live for months, or even years, in sealed environments on the Moon or Mars.

Initially, Siffre relied on hunger and fatigue to regulate his days, but within weeks it was observed that his perception of time changed. He often believed a day had passed when nearly two had gone by. His body abandoned the 24-hour cycle, adopting a 36-hour waking period followed by 12 hours of sleep.
Scientists monitoring the experiment saw this as evidence that humans have an internal clock that can operate independently of the Sun. The changes, however, came with cognitive and psychological costs, like hallucinations, difficulty speaking, memory lapses, and a need to create artificial social interaction, such as talking to insects or to himself. By the time the experiment ended, Siffre believed only 151 days had passed, rather than the actual 180 days.

Life Without a Sunrise - Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) see 16 sunrises every Earth day. This constant cycling of light and dark is managed by strict schedules, carefully calibrated lighting systems, and oversight by mission control, ensuring that body clocks remain aligned with a 24-hour rhythm. Without such controls, circadian rhythms can rapidly drift, affecting alertness, decision-making, and even physical health.