Human activity on the Moon, Selene for the ancient Greeks, constitutes one of the most significant chapters in scientific history. Between 1968 and 1972, the Apollo program, conducted by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), took twelve astronauts to the lunar surface, beginning with the Apollo 8 mission, the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon, and culminating with Apollo 17. These missions not only demonstrated humanity's technological capabilities but also provided crucial scientific data on lunar geology, the formation of the Earth-Moon system, and the history of the Solar System itself.
However, after 1972, human exploration of the Moon came to an end, marking the beginning of a hiatus that has now lasted more than five decades.
This prolonged interval reflected geopolitical changes, shifting economic priorities, and technological challenges. Nevertheless, fascination with Selene remained alive, both as a scientific destination and as a strategic platform for future interplanetary missions. In the twenty-first century, with advances in technology and increasing international cooperation, NASA launched the Artemis program. With Artemis I and Artemis II now successfully completed, its objective is not only to return to the Moon, but also to establish a sustainable human presence there.

The Artemis I Mission: The Past
Conceived as the cornerstone of the Artemis Program, the Artemis I mission represented the first major integrated test of the systems designed to take humans back to the Moon. Launched on 16 November 2022 (Figure 1) aboard the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, the mission carried no astronauts. Instead, Orion flew with the instrumented mannequins Commander Moonikin Campos, Helga, and Zohar, equipped with sensors capable of recording the radiation and acceleration conditions to which future astronauts would be exposed in the space environment.
During a journey of approximately 25.5 days, Orion travelled more than 2.25 million kilometres, entered a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon (Figure 2), and reached a maximum distance of 432,210 kilometres from Earth, the greatest ever achieved by a spacecraft designed for human transport, before returning and splashing down safely in the Pacific Ocean on 11 December 2022.

Throughout the mission, Orion's heat shield, life-support systems, the propulsion system of the European Service Module (ESM) developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), and its long-range communication systems were thoroughly tested and validated. The critical re-entry phase, during which the capsule reached speeds close to 40,000 km/h and temperatures of up to 2,760°C on the surface of its heat shield, was successfully completed, confirming the robustness of the AVCOAT ablative coating, one of the most critical elements for ensuring the safety of future crews.
Although post-mission analyses identified slightly higher-than-expected erosion in some regions of the heat shield, these findings proved invaluable for improving the system before the first crewed flight.

From a scientific perspective, Artemis I provided a valuable dataset on the radiation environment in deep space, essential for protecting future crews. The dosimeters installed on the mannequins showed that astronauts will be exposed to significantly higher radiation doses than those experienced during missions in low Earth orbit, reinforcing the need for mitigation strategies already incorporated into the planning of subsequent Artemis missions.
More than a technological demonstration, Artemis I established the benchmark against which the entire Artemis Program would be evaluated, proving that a human return to the Moon was not only desirable but also technically feasible, thereby laying the foundations for the first crewed mission that would follow.

The Artemis II Mission: The Present
Building on the foundations established by Artemis I, the Artemis II mission was the second major step in the Artemis Program and the first with a crew on board. Conducted in April 2026 over approximately ten days, its central purpose was to validate, under real flight conditions, systems previously tested only in simulated or uncrewed environments: life support, navigation, communication, propulsion, and human performance in deep space. More than a journey around the Moon, Artemis II was a decisive and successful test of the viability of this new paradigm of human activity in space, delivering a rich set of physiological and operational data fundamental to the planning of subsequent missions.
The mission used the powerful Space Launch System (SLS) rocket to place the Orion spacecraft on a translunar trajectory (Figure 3). Named Integrity by the crew themselves, a name embodying the values of trust, respect, and humility that united the four astronauts and the thousands of professionals from many nations involved in the project, the spacecraft was powered by the European Service Module (ESM), developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) with significant participation from Airbus Defence and Space.

This European module, equipped with 33 engines and four large solar arrays, functioned as the "heart" of the spacecraft, providing propulsion, electrical power, and life support throughout the journey, a concrete example of the international cooperation that distinguishes the Artemis Program. At the controls of Integrity was a crew composed of Reid Wiseman (Commander), Victor Glover (Pilot), Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen (Mission Specialists), a historic team that, for the first time, included a woman, an African American astronaut, and a Canadian representative on a mission beyond low Earth orbit (Figure 4).

The trajectory followed the free-return trajectory, in which the Moon's orbital dynamics guarantee a safe return to Earth even in the event of a propulsion failure, the same strategy that safeguarded the most critical Apollo missions. After launching from the Kennedy Space Center on 1 April 2026, Orion completed its translunar injection on the second day and continued towards the Moon. On 6 April, it reached a record distance of 248,655 miles from Earth, surpassing the historic mark set by Apollo 13. On the same day, the crew also observed a spectacular solar eclipse (Figure 5). During the fly-by of the far side of the Moon, the astronauts experienced approximately three hours of communications blackout, a period used for autonomous observations, unprecedented photographic records of the Orientale Basin and Pierazzo Crater, and observations of unexpected shades of green and brown, suggesting mineralogical variations within the lunar crust.

In parallel, the crew conducted pioneering human health experiments, including ARCHeR, the immune biomarker protocol, Standard Measures, and AVATAR (organ chips derived from the crew members themselves). These investigations collected valuable data on sleep, stress, immunity, the microbiome, and the effects of cosmic radiation on living human tissues, information that will be crucial for planning future missions to Mars.
The mission culminated in splashdown in the Pacific Ocean on 10 April 2026, approximately 200 kilometres off the coast of San Diego. Atmospheric re-entry, performed at speeds exceeding 11 km/s and temperatures approaching 3,000°C, confirmed the robustness of Integrity's heat shield. Specialist teams from the United States Navy, operating from the recovery ship USS John P. Murtha, safely recovered the four astronauts, who emerged emotional and in excellent health. Hours later, after being transferred to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, they began the protocols for readaptation to Earth's gravity and the technical and scientific debriefing, bringing to a highly successful conclusion the first human flight beyond low Earth orbit in more than five decades.

The Artemis III and IV Missions: The Future
​Artemis II proved that humans can safely travel beyond Earth's atmosphere, while Artemis III (Figure 6) will have an equally crucial, yet distinct, mission. Scheduled for mid-2027 in low Earth orbit, it will be the first operational docking test between the Orion spacecraft and commercial lunar landing systems: SpaceX's Starship and Blue Origin's Blue Moon.
This demonstration mission is of extraordinary operational complexity. The Space Launch System (SLS) will launch Orion with four astronauts, using a structural spacer in place of the upper propulsion stage, while the commercial lunar vehicles will reach orbit through separate launches. The astronauts will spend longer aboard Orion than during Artemis II, validate Orion's docking system for the first time, and may also enter one of the lunar landing vehicles. In the words of Jeremy Parsons, Acting Deputy Associate Administrator for NASA's Moon to Mars Program, "Artemis III is one of the most complex missions ever undertaken by NASA," because the success of the subsequent lunar landing depends upon it.

With the docking systems validated by Artemis III, the path opens for the most anticipated stage of the programme: Artemis IV, scheduled for early 2028, which will mark the first human landing on the lunar surface since Apollo 17 in 1972. Four astronauts will travel to lunar orbit aboard Orion. There, two of them will transfer to the commercial Human Landing System (HLS) and descend to the vicinity of the lunar south pole, a region never explored in situ, where uncrewed probes have identified evidence of water in permanently shadowed craters.
​The lunar south pole is of particular scientific interest because permanently shadowed craters are believed to contain water ice, a resource that could support future human exploration by providing drinking water, oxygen, and rocket propellant.
Over the course of approximately one week, the crew will conduct spacewalks using Axiom Space's advanced AxEMU spacesuits, collect unprecedented geological samples, and deploy scientific instruments on the surface, including DUSTER (DUst and plaSma environmenT survEyoR), which will characterise the dust and plasma environment around one of the nine candidate landing regions identified by NASA near the lunar south pole. The mission will also mark the historic moment when the first woman and the first non-white astronaut set foot on the Moon.
More than a return, Artemis IV will lay the foundations for a sustainable human presence on the Moon and represent the first concrete step on a journey that will eventually take humans to Mars.

Synthesis
The Artemis Program, encompassing Artemis I, II, III, IV and the missions that will follow, inaugurates a new era of human activity in space, demonstrating the viability of crewed missions beyond Earth's orbit after more than fifty years. Its achievements will be crucial to the success of the next stages of the Artemis Program, particularly Artemis III, which aims to enable humanity's return to the lunar surface. In addition, the programme establishes the technological and operational foundations required to build a sustainable presence on the Moon and, ultimately, to support future missions to Mars.
The public and inspirational impact of the missions, especially Artemis II, has also been remarkable. Millions of people around the world followed the first crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit in more than fifty years through television, the internet, and social media, rekindling a collective fascination with space and inspiring a new generation of students interested in science, engineering, and exploration.
The Artemis Program represents a remarkable synthesis of tradition and innovation in humanity's exploration of the cosmos. As the heir to the Apollo legacy, it goes beyond merely repeating history by embracing new technologies, unprecedented international cooperation, and ambitious scientific objectives. More than journeys to the Moon, these missions represent a full-scale rehearsal for the expansion of human presence beyond Earth.
May the deities whose names these missions bear, Apollo, Artemis, and Selene, herald not only new chapters in humanity's exploration of space, but also a renewed appreciation of the importance of caring for Earth (Figure 7), our shared home, whose shades of blue continue to cradle every known form of life.

Why Artemis Matters
Beyond its remarkable engineering achievements, Artemis is also transforming our understanding of human health in deep space. Each mission generates invaluable knowledge on radiation exposure, physiological adaptation, behavioural performance, and operational medicine, helping prepare astronauts not only for sustained exploration of the Moon but ultimately for human missions to Mars.
For the aerospace medicine community, Artemis represents one of the most important research opportunities since the Apollo era. The programme is advancing our understanding of how humans can live and work safely beyond Earth while driving innovations with potential benefits for healthcare on our own planet. As the Artemis missions continue, they will not only shape the future of space exploration but also deepen our understanding of the remarkable adaptability of the human body and mind.

What the Numbers Actually Say
This is not a distant hypothetical. NASA's Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC) element of the Human Research Program has been modeling the probability of medical events during long-duration and exploration missions for years. Their probabilistic risk assessment framework, which draws on ISS medical event records, Shuttle mission data, and analog environment studies, consistently points toward the statistical near-certainty of significant medical events during a Mars mission of the expected duration. Traumatic injury has been explicitly identified by NASA as the highest medical concern for mission success. Every extravehicular activity, every spacecraft maintenance procedure, every moment of work in a pressurized suit accumulates risk. Over a three-year mission, that cumulative exposure translates directly into probability.

When humans eventually set foot on Mars, they’ll face a medical challenge that rarely needs to be thought about on Earth - TIME. A radio signal between Earth and Mars can take 4 to 24 minutes to travel one way. That means if an astronaut sends a question to Mission Control, it could be more than 40 minutes before they receive a reply, which in an emergency situation is far too long to wait.
To close this gap, NASA and Google are working together on something called the Crew Medical Officer Digital Assistant (CMO-DA), an artificial intelligence system for space medicine designed to support astronauts when Earth is too far away to give immediate help. Think of it as a “medical copilot” that will not replace doctors, but instead will help the crew diagnose and manage problems step-by-step using knowledge adapted specifically to space medicine.

Unlike a standard chatbot, the CMO-DA can work with multiple kinds of input. Astronauts might type or speak questions, upload vital signs, or share images from a portable ultrasound. The system then offers possible causes, highlights urgent warning signs, and suggests treatments that match the very limited supplies they have available to them. The big difference from Earth-based systems is that it’s trained with information that reflects spaceflight medical challenges, such as fluid shifts in low gravity, the increased risk of kidney stones, or how certain drugs behave differently in space.
To test its usefulness, NASA and Google have been running the assistant through structured scenarios. These use the same exam style that medical students face, called Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, where candidates are judged on how well they manage a case. The early results look promising, with the AI decision support tool giving safe, reliable advice, and it helps astronauts approach a situation more clearly under stress.

This project is part of NASA’s broader plan for Earth-Independent Medical Operations. For deep-space missions, it has long been recognised that crews need a much higher degree of autonomy, since communication with Earth may be delayed or even cut off entirely—for example, when Mars is hidden behind the Sun. A tool like the CMO-DA gives astronauts a way to stabilise and treat a patient without waiting for ground communication.
It’s important to remember that the system is meant as support and not as an authority. Ultimately, the astronauts in-situ remain the decision-makers. The assistant provides structured checklists, reminders, and treatment suggestions. It can also document everything that was done and prepare a clear report so that, once communication is restored, doctors on Earth can follow-up what happened and advise on next steps.

The future will bring new features, with researchers aiming to link the assistant to onboard sensors, wearables, and imaging devices, and to test it in Mars analogue missions on Earth. The goal is a complete medical system—crew, tools, and smart software working together to make medical autonomy on Mars a reality.
This technology, however, isn’t just for astronauts. It could also benefit people in remote communities on Earth, where medical access and connectivity are limited. In that way, a tool built for Mars missions medical support might improve healthcare for millions here at home.
NASA and Google’s project shows how AI in aerospace medicine is shifting from science fiction into practical support for space medicine—with potential benefits reaching well beyond Mars.

When scrolling through the endless nonsense recently that appears on Facebook, I came across a rare post of interest detailing the remarkable work of French geologist Michel Siffre, who died a year ago this Sunday (24 August 2024), aged 85 years. In 1972, Siffre conducted an extraordinary isolation experiment in which he lived alone for 180 days in a cave 440 feet underground. He had no sunlight, no clock, and no contact with any other person, having only basic supplies, a sleeping bag, and instruments for recording his activities and observations.
His aim was to study how the human mind and body behave when deprived of all natural time cues. The results of this work, now more than 50 years old, continue to be relevant for research into human endurance, circadian rhythms, and the psychological effects of extreme isolation. They are also especially relevant for human space exploration, with space agencies considering the realities of sending people to live for months, or even years, in sealed environments on the Moon or Mars.

Initially, Siffre relied on hunger and fatigue to regulate his days, but within weeks it was observed that his perception of time changed. He often believed a day had passed when nearly two had gone by. His body abandoned the 24-hour cycle, adopting a 36-hour waking period followed by 12 hours of sleep.
Scientists monitoring the experiment saw this as evidence that humans have an internal clock that can operate independently of the Sun. The changes, however, came with cognitive and psychological costs, like hallucinations, difficulty speaking, memory lapses, and a need to create artificial social interaction, such as talking to insects or to himself. By the time the experiment ended, Siffre believed only 151 days had passed, rather than the actual 180 days.

Life Without a Sunrise - Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) see 16 sunrises every Earth day. This constant cycling of light and dark is managed by strict schedules, carefully calibrated lighting systems, and oversight by mission control, ensuring that body clocks remain aligned with a 24-hour rhythm. Without such controls, circadian rhythms can rapidly drift, affecting alertness, decision-making, and even physical health.

When most people think about the type of person who will work in space, the image that springs to mind is that of an astronaut in a bulky white suit floating around outside the International Space Station! That is certainly a part of the story, however the exploration of space needs a lot more than just rocket pilots. In fact, some of the astronauts who will launch this week (July 31st 2025* - Crew-11) come from surprising backgrounds. One of them, Zena Cardman, didn’t start out flying planes or building rockets — she studied microbes in mud and explored caves and Antarctic ice looking for life in extreme environments.
Another of the astronauts, Kimiya Yui from Japan, started out in the Japanese Air Force and later trained with engineers and scientists before becoming an astronaut. Theirs and other stories like them prove that you don’t have to be a math genius or science whiz to have a future in space!
*note: launch delayed to 1st August 2025 due to weather constraints

Space Needs Everyone - Below are just a few of the surprising roles that play a huge part in exploring the cosmos:

• Writers & Communicators – NASA hires science storytellers to explain missions to the world.
• Lawyers - Space law is real! We need legal minds to navigate treaties, satellite rights, and even the ethics of space mining.
• Doctors & Biologists – Astronauts need medical support, and we need people studying how the human body changes in space, such as our very own aerospace medicine specialist Prof Thais Russomano.
• Plumbers - Plumbing is critical—someone has to make sure the water systems (and toilets!) work on the ISS and future Moon bases.
• Artists & Designers – Someone has to design mission patches, build virtual training tools, and even help plan future habitats.
• Gamers & Coders – In fact, video game skills translate well to robot control and navigation.

Whether you're into fashion, food, fitness, or filmmaking... there is room within space exploration for all of these talents and more.

This article addresses the notion of buoyancy and why drinking beer in space (the ISS usually orbits in the thermosphere), or any carbonated drink for that matter, does not produce the known tingling sensation we can feel in our noses here on Earth.

So let’s first briefly consider what is buoyancy?
In simple terms, whenever an object is put into a fluid there are several forces that act upon it. The liquid exerts a force from the bottom upwards that tries to push that object up. Then there is the liquid force itself, let’s call it weight, that pushes an object downwards. However, because the liquid pressure increases the deeper you go down into the fluid, there will always be an upwards force bigger than the downward force.
This can be explained by looking at the formula for hydrostatic pressure:

In this formula, p is the density of the liquid, g is the gravitational force (9.81 m/s2) and h is the height of the fluid column measured from the surface. Keeping all the other parameters of the formula constant, the "h" at the bottom of a submerged object will be higher than the one at its top.
But we also have here another component: the "g". Well, there is practically no "g" in space, unless we artificially produce it. So, in this case, all the objects inserted or included into a fluid will just stay there.
Of course, there are many other factors that play a role here, for example the superficial tension of the fluids etc., however, for the sake of simplicity I am considering here only the buoyancy. So, nothing happens with the CO2 bubbles inside the fluid because they are no lighter than the fluid that surrounds them, perhaps looking something like in this photo:

This not mixing between the fluid and gases within creates a hard enough life for anyone who would like to enjoy a beer in space (hypothetically, at least as alcohol consumption is not permitted on the ISS), but let's also not forget the cabin temperature of roughly 20 degrees Celsius, which is way too high to enjoy an ice cold beer. If you want to cool it a bit forget leaving it outside too - just take a look at what the temperatures are "outside", unless of course you want to lick your beer like an ice-cream!

Our thanks go to space enthusiast Ermis Divinis, aged 11, who used his digital media skills to create this fun summary of the Mars rovers, which have provided the scientific community with so much valuable data about the Red Planet. Enjoy!

​Warsaw, 4-6 March 2022
25 students, divided into interdisciplinary groups, begin working on the project of five Martian colonies. They include representatives of geology, law, architecture, design, and culture. Supported by mentors, they try to find answers to the following question: What location on Mars will be the most appropriate for their colony, considering the possibility of easy landing and take-off, access to a water source, as well as the scientific and soil-forming potential of the area?
In terms of architecture and design, they must remember about the impact of temperature, sandstorms, harmful radiation, and meteorite strikes, but also make sure the colonies are self-sufficient and provide shelter for thousands of people. Also in the spotlight are such important questions as: How will our senses react on Mars? What do we, as humans, need to survive in an extreme environment?
The Mars Colony Hackathon participants also discuss whether they want to transfer to Mars the current Earth culture as well as the economic and political status quo, or... on the contrary? Should they take the current trends in sustainability, climate change, inequality, diversity, and the impact of technology on people into account? What values, traditions and rituals will accompany them?

Warsaw, 6 March 2022
We are going back to Earth. There is a war going on across our eastern border and climate change brings us intense winds, rains, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions...
Some people question the sense of organising such design and humanist workshops or hackathons. But maybe travelling to Mars in our imagination will help us see and express what we do not like here on Earth, change the things that should be changed or even adopt a completely different approach to things we know? Is it not thanks to our dreams and imagination that we are able to look into the future and create the world we want to live in? Not only on Mars, but also here on our planet Earth...

The Mars Colony Hackathon was organised by the US Embassy and ​​the European Space Foundation in cooperation with the Polish Space Agency and Venture Café. The workshop took place on 4-6 March 2022 at the Cambridge Innovation Centre in Warsaw.

Congratulations to the winning team members: MONADA – Julia Jeka, Karolina Kruszewska, Tomasz Leonik, Oliwia Mandrela and Kamil Serafin.
*Blog also published on the European Space Foundation website

Encerramos após 11 dias (ou 11 sois, como denominamos o dia em Marte) a missão análoga (virtual) #96, celebrando quatro anos do estabelecimento da Estação Habitat Marte. Tive o privilégio de representar a InnovaSpace nessa experiência, que se revelou produtiva e instigante.
As missões virtuais foram criadas em função da pandemia de COVID-19, como forma de manter a estação operando e fomentando o intercambio de experiências e informações sobre Marte e os desafios de se chegar ao planeta vermelho. A pioneira estrutura análoga, entretanto, é muito mais que isso. Localizado no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte, na cidade de Caiçara do Rio do Vento, o Habitat Marte é uma base física onde as condições inóspitas do terreno e algumas características relacionadas ao solo local propiciam um sítio ideal ao estabelecimento de missões com variados focos de pesquisa. Uma palavra que está sempre presente é sustentabilidade.

Numa missão virtual, um clima de imersão e interação entre os cinco tripulantes é estimulado pela rotina de atividades como coleta de dados, apresentação de relatórios sobre o estado físico e mental e, ao longo dessa jornada, vai se criando uma atmosfera de imaginação coletiva acerca da presença no planeta vermelho, com o benefício da dinâmica das relações por interações remotas. Cada tripulante recebeu a incumbência de ser responsável por uma das estruturas críticas da estação (Estação Central e Centros de Engenharia, Saneamento, Saúde e Lançamento). Ao final, cada membro da missão fez uma apresentação sobre sua área de responsabilidade, encerrando a missão.
Minha experiência pessoal na missão virtual foi ser o responsável pelo Centro de Lançamento (e retorno). Além de estar comprometido com a operacionalidade dessa área, incluí na rotina de relatórios o status “go & no go”, em função das condições técnicas ou meteorológicas, de modo a manter a estação ciente da viabilidade de um lançamento emergencial. A rotina de envio de relatórios é o grande gerador de valor para a simulação e vai ao encontro dos aspectos humanos: discutíamos situações que não decorreram de inputs do simulacro. Trocávamos informações e fotos, fomos inspirados a viver uma realidade paralela e a explorar nossa criatividade.

​Conversas sobre a missão e até pessoais foram constantes através de plataforma de mensagens e me mantiveram em constante “presença” naquela estação. Os dois relatórios de rotina diários (meteorologia e condições pessoais, como saúde, motivação, estado mental e satisfação com a missão e suas especificidades) eram enviados por um aplicativo e nos lembravam da nossa responsabilidade na jornada. Há potencial para ainda mais integração, pois nenhuma missão é igual à outra. Quem sabe, no futuro, um ambiente visual via aplicativo que possa até ser compartilhado com óculos de realidade virtual e celular não elevem ainda mais esses efeitos?

​Minha conclusão foi a de que estímulo ao pensamento, diversidade e o fator lúdico já são uma ferramenta de integração e compromisso com a missão de grande valor.
Parabéns aos tripulantes da Missão 96 e em especial ao Prof. Julio Rezende, pelo pioneirismo, determinação e criatividade. Próximo passo: a missão presencial!

​The AMADEE-20 analog Mars mission took place in Israel’s Negev desert during October 2021. Over the course of four weeks, an international crew of six analog astronauts conducted a number of experiments to study human behaviour and well-being; tested technical equipment, vehicles, and space suits; and deployed platforms and procedures in the areas of geoscience and life detection. A further aim of this Mars simulation was the development of a state-of-the-art Mission Support structure. I joined the AMADEE-20 team as a Flight Planner two years ago. In this role, I have been using my project management skills to help prepare and conduct scientific experiments as a member of the Mission Support team. Each experiment can be viewed as a subproject in itself and needs to be managed meticulously.

One major difference between the projects I am normally working on, and this Mars simulation is the detail to which experiments (subprojects) have to be managed. Usually, I plan tasks for my project teams on a daily basis. For analog Mars projects, we have to plan tasks in time slots of 15 minutes. During a simulated and later real Mars mission, astronauts must wear space suits to protect themselves from the hostile environment on our neighbouring planet. As it takes a long time to put on a space suit and as they are very heavy and not comfortable to wear and work in, the time the astronauts can spend outside their habitat is very limited and therefore, very valuable and must be scheduled in great detail. Another difference is the high risk to human life and well-being, as well as to the safety of the usually very expensive equipment. Communication also poses a big challenge. The entire team has to almost learn a new language, consisting of many acronyms specific to space exploration. Simple Earth-words like “yes” and “no” are not used, since they can easily be misunderstood; we use “affirmative” and “negative” instead to express approval or disagreement.
Despite these differences, as a certified PMP® and trained analog Mars Mission Support team member, I am well prepared to take on this challenge. And as a Project Manager, I am of course, very much enjoying to expand my skills beyond Earth and to be part of creating the future of space travel and project management.
 
If you want to learn more about this analog Mars mission, please visit https://oewf.org/en/portfolio/amadee-20/. If you want to learn more about project management for analog Mars missions, please contact me at [email protected] or https://www.linkedin.com/in/karinbrunnemann/.