Author: Chris YuanFounder: UMIC project/Planet Expedition Commanders Academy (PECA); InnovaSpace advisory group  The Ursa Minor Interstellar City (UMIC) project was born out of the need to create accessible and sustainable space simulation environments on Earth. Inspired by NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) and NEEMO underwater project, as well as ESA’s CAVES programme, UMIC reimagines these concepts to provide affordable, eco-friendly simulations that bring space exploration closer to ordinary people, considering the following scientific principles:
 Performing CPR underwater | Image ©: Chris Yuan A Journey of Innovation In 2020, collaboration with Professor Thais Russomano on the Evetts-Russomano (ER) CPR method sparked the idea for UMIC’s Underwater Space City. Over four years, UMIC has developed the complete underwater space city elements: EVA training spacecraft, animal spacecraft, lunar commuter motorcycle, space farm, the world's largest astronaut helmet, and the smallest underwater cafe - Galaxy Cat Cafe (see videos below). We can even provide astronauts with a cup of hot coffee underwater, and broadcast space education for young people around the world, truly realizing the popularization of space exploration education. Mission and Impact UMIC’s goal is to train commercial astronauts to thrive in space and on alien surfaces while establishing ecological, multi-species habitats. By fostering collaboration and resilience, it not only advances humanity’s path to becoming a multi-planetary species but also strengthens our ability to protect Earth and preserve its ecosystems
What Sets UMIC Apart Unlike NASA’s and ESA’s high-cost facilities, UMIC offers a low-cost, sustainable alternative, allowing hundreds of participants to engage in thousands of underwater missions. Its innovative “Mobile Modular Underwater Space Training System” differentiates itself through its innovative implementation and broader accessibility:
By integrating science, education, and sustainability, UMIC makes space exploration accessible to people worldwide, inspiring the next generation of explorers while contributing to ecological preservation. The dedicated efforts of our 10 team members of the Space Mirror 2024 Mission are now presented below in 5 brief reports – our thanks go to the authors: Leon Li & Louis Li; Gang Wei & Yuxuan Wei; Amy Wang & Yuejuan (Jane) Weng；Wenhao Shi & Jiaqi Lin; and Yingtong Shen & Xingyue Liu.  Topic 1: Low-cost and efficient astronaut EVA training facilities
Authors: Louis Li & Leon Li (father and son) Preface: In the near future, humans will build civilizations in outer space and on alien planets, and simulated space training for astronauts is essential. Obviously, underwater best represents the "mirror image" of space because there is also no weight. For those who are ready to enter space, they must first master training underwater, in simulated space stations or building facilities.
Last November, our team successfully built a detachable, scaffolded underwater astronaut simulation extravehicular activity training facility, which simulated immersive space building construction and human movement patterns in low-gravity and zero-gravity environments. Materials and Design: Through our team discussion, we decided to choose materials such as PVC and nylon instead of metal, mainly because of the following characteristics: 1. PVC material is cost-effective. 2. The construction of PVC pipe is quite simple. 3. PVC materials are usually lighter and easier to transport and assemble. However, there are some disadvantages: 1. PVC material is not as durable as metal. 2. Marine organisms are not easy to attach and grow on petroleum materials such as PVC. Therefore, in this case, metal materials perform better than PVC. As for the environment, the various underwater structures we expertly construct will help build more artificial reefs, bringing about the effect of marine restoration to help marine life reproduce. 
After team communication, we also designed a tubular lighting system. The LED light line connected with the PVC tube is elegant. It plays the role of safe lighting, guidance and beautification. The insulation layer around the light bar made of IP68 waterproof material can serve as a barrier against waterproofing and pressure. The total voltage of the current is controlled at about 24V, which can ensure safety to a large extent.
Even though it was so affordable, it allowed us to maximize our experience diving in the low gravity environment of space and simulated EVA training. I felt like I was one step closer to becoming a multi-planet species. Future improvements and summary: It took us a whole day to build it, and the spectacular view was worth the effort. Although it was worth trying, I think we can do better next time, just by reinforcing the material to a certain extent. The frame structure can be made of metal pipes to allow for attachment to marine life. Ultimately, we will frequently promote our experiments and underwater facilities and iterate at a rapid pace, as long as we can do something for the development of human civilization. Our efforts will surely translate into confidence in technology! Topic 2: Mini lunar habitat in a fish tank
Authors: Gang Wei & Yuxuan Wei (father and son) First, we created a simulated lunar environment inside a sealed container, like a cubic fibreglass fish tank. To replicate the Moon’s surface, we used black and grey sand and stones, shaping them by hand to create an uneven, bumpy texture. Larger stones were added to imitate small lunar craters.
To enhance the realism, we built a lunar lander out of LEGO. Since it naturally floats, we attached weights to make it sink properly to the bottom, ensuring a more accurate simulation. We also placed small astronaut figures around it. For a more immersive experience, we embedded a transparent helmet in the middle of the fish tank. This allows people to insert their heads and observe the simulated lunar habitat up close. 
Simulated Lunar Farms
We also created two simulated lunar farms using hollow acrylic spheres. Two hemispherical acrylic plates were screwed together with rubber washers at the joints to prevent water from entering, mimicking an airtight chamber similar to those that could exist on the Moon. To keep the models stable, we tied them to the bottom of the tank with ropes, preventing them from floating due to buoyancy. The internal air pressure also helps limit water from entering the chambers. Simulating Lunar Ecology Since the Moon lacks an atmosphere, the habitat inside the fish tank was designed as a sealed system with its own independent circulation. To replicate oxygen production, we introduced algae and small plants capable of photosynthesis, simulating part of a life support system for a lunar base. Each model contains an acrylic mesh that holds succulents and stones, recreating a planetary surface. The plants’ roots can extend through the mesh and reach the water, ensuring their survival while making the habitat appear more lifelike. Finally, we installed lights on top of each model, allowing clear visibility inside the simulated habitat. The final step was to fill the entire fish tank with water, completing our underwater lunar habitat simulation. 
Topic 3: Why open water in karst landforms is the best place to train astronauts
Author: Amy Wang and Yuejuan (Jane) Weng Amy Wang’s perspective:
I am Amy Wang, an eighth grade student at Chengdu BASIS International School. I am a Samsung Young Researcher in the UMIC program. I am participating in the November 2024 joint international mission of the Space Mirror and Underwater Space Habitat. The karst open waters of Guangxi, China, provide a realistic and complex training environment, enhancing astronauts' physical and mental preparation for space missions. 
I participated in many activities organized by Captain Chris this November, but I mainly focused on the two main tasks Chris gave me. The first was to test the underwater astronaut extravehicular training vehicle and the second task was to test our underwater cafe.
Underwater, there is usually zero gravity or microgravity, and it is difficult for me to control my buoyancy, so it is important for me to train my neutral buoyancy. However, zero gravity or microgravity conditions underwater simulate similar conditions in space, so I understand that the hard training I am doing today is to make me better adapted to space conditions. In addition, during my second mission, my teammates and I made a cup of coffee in the underwater space station without using our scuba! We were able to do this because we created an underwater air chamber with two cylinders, so we could take off our BCD and go into the cafe without breathing with scuba, but with the fresh air that was always flowing in the space capsule. 
Our team positioned the two key underwater space city facilities (spacecraft and café) 7 metres underwater in the karst cave waters near Nanning and Hechi, China.
Through this experience, I’ve recognised several advantages of using karst terrain for open-water space simulations: (1) the water temperature is a constant 22°C, allowing for year-round underwater space training, even in winter; (2) visibility is good; and (3) easy access, unlike ocean diving, which often requires a boat journey to an island, karst terrain waters are usually located in villages near central cities and can be reached by car. Yuejuan (Jane) Weng's perspective:
As a space exploration enthusiast, I participated in the international joint mission "Space Mirror 2024" to build an underwater simulated space habitat. This expedition was organized by my old friend and collaborator Chris Yuan, and supported by The Explorers Club (TEC) and InnovaSpace. Our team successfully built the two upper-level facilities of the Ursa Major Underwater Space City - the spacecraft and cafe - in the karst cave waters near Nanning, China, with a depth of 7 meters and a maximum depth of 27 meters. During the course of the mission, we completed the following intensive space simulation activities: 1. Upgrade the Ursa Major Underwater Space City to a three-star rating, with the underwater cafe as a signature feature. 2. Be the first to use SRT (single rope technology) to descend into a karst cave and establish a lunar simulation camp. 3. Hosted the first joint seminar involving domestic and foreign TEC members, featuring youth presentations and expanded educational content. 4. Completed the initial construction and application process for the European Space Agency (ESA) Moon Camp competition. I actively participated in all of these activities and obtained certification in Advanced Open Water (AOW) diving, as well as astronaut specialty diving as part of the required training. This mission further enriched my perspective as a lifelong learner, blending my expertise in exploration, science fiction writing, and leadership. This experience, combined with my interest in scuba diving and space science, deepened my understanding of why karst landscapes are particularly suitable for astronaut training.
The karst terrain features irregular underwater topography, narrow passages and natural water currents, reflecting the challenges astronauts face in microgravity and confined spaces. These characteristics make it an unparalleled environment for simulating space operations, from practicing buoyancy control to navigating tight, complex spaces such as inside a spacecraft. The natural openness of the karst system provides a more realistic and challenging training environment compared to the controlled conditions of an artificial pool. The challenges of diving in karst waters, such as controlling buoyancy, maintaining communications in confined conditions, and handling emergency situations, build physical endurance and mental focus, which are essential for long-duration missions, as astronauts need to remain calm and efficient under pressure. In conclusion, open water in karst landscapes, characterized by unique geological features such as sinkholes, caves, springs, and underground rivers, provides astronauts with a multifaceted training environment that combines physical, technical, and psychological preparation. Its natural complexity and adaptability make it a better alternative to traditional training settings, and therefore provides a compelling environment for astronaut training. Topic 4: Galaxy Cat Cafe - Evaluation Report on the World's Smallest Underwater Cafe and the World's Largest Astronaut Helmet
Authors: Jiaqi Lin and Wenhao Shi Review: the world's smallest underwater cafe experience
We applied the principle of an underwater air isolation chamber to create the world’s smallest coffee shop, where we attempted to brew coffee using raw beans—aiming to achieve a quality comparable to land-based cafés. The Process
Solution: To improve the sealed lid design for the coffee cup by adding a raised water inlet or water tube, and equipping the inlet with a one-piece movable sealing plug moved and opened through use of the tongue, so no external water enters the cup, allowing divers to fully enjoy their delicious coffee underwater.
Jiaqi Lin’s perspective:
Underwater Café Review: Real-Life Experiment Report Evaluation Background: As interest in non-traditional leisure and entertainment grows, underwater environments are gaining more attention as new areas for exploration. To assess the feasibility and user experience of such a concept, we designed and built a unique facility—an underwater café. This evaluation was conducted as a real-life experiment, providing first-hand experience and professional evaluation. 
Facility Overview: The underwater café is inspired by the classic design of a high-speed train head, not only for its aesthetics but also for providing enough internal space to accommodate the necessary equipment and service areas. The facility remains afloat while fresh air is continuously supplied through diving cylinders, ensuring a safe and breathable environment for visitors to enjoy their beverages underwater. In fact, the world’s smallest underwater café is essentially an oversized astronaut helmet. Once inside (from the shoulders up), astronauts can brew coffee, conduct meetings, and even host global video conferences within the helmet.
Personal Experience and Evaluation
Safety: The café is equipped with a CO₂ alarm to ensure air quality. Before entering, I received professional diving training and familiarised myself with all safety protocols. Inside the air chamber, I found the air supply stable, the air pressure comfortable, and the oxygen sufficient—all indicators of a well-functioning system that was very effective in maintaining a safe and breathable environment. Environmental Comfort: The café’s interior measures approximately one cubic metre, offering enough space for one person to enter and perform some simple tasks. The temperature is well-regulated, and despite being underwater, there is no noticeable dampness or cold feeling. Additionally, the surrounding water acts as a natural sound barrier, creating a quiet and relaxing environment. User-Friendliness: The café's design prioritises safety of users and ease of use. The process of entering and exiting the air chamber requires certain skills, but it can be easily mastered after simple guidance. The overall experience is smooth and natural, with minimal obstacles or inconvenience. Conclusion: The underwater café serves as a multifunctional astronaut helmet, an underwater space station, and a mobile NASA NEEMO-inspired facility. It combines simulated space training with entertainment, making it an accessible and affordable experience for space technology enthusiasts around the world. Topic 5: UMIC's first underwater live broadcast connects the world
Authors: Yingtong Shen & Xingyue Liu Yingtong Shen’s Perspective: My initial foray into this field was an ambitious yet humble endeavour. Using a modified fish-finding device, we attempted to capture and livestream underwater activity. This hands-on experiment resulted in a groundbreaking achievement: successfully syncing underwater visuals with a land-based audience in real time. However, this was more than just a technological breakthrough—it was a profound sensory experience. Hosting multiple underwater livestreams gave me a deeper appreciation for the beauty of underwater life. As a participant, it was awe-inspiring to watch the vivid blue world unfold on-screen, strengthening my admiration for both the underwater environment and the technology that makes it accessible. These experiments also significantly improved my operational skills and provided a stronger theoretical foundation for underwater live-streaming. Fish detection devices proved to be valuable tools in these experiments, demonstrating the potential of underwater environments for simulating space activities. This approach enhances scientific research efficiency while expanding the reach of space-related projects. By utilising this technology, we can connect with a wider audience, inspiring curiosity about the remarkable worlds of the deep sea and outer space. Live broadcasts like these blur the lines between science and public engagement, making the unknown more understandable. 
Xingyue Liu’s Perspective:
During UMIC's first global live broadcast from an underwater space station, I served as the underwater host, responsible for adjusting equipment, selecting camera angles, interacting with the audience, and closely coordinating with the cameraman to ensure clear visuals were captured. Our first livestream was filled with challenges and uncertainties. From solving unexpected technical problems to ensuring smooth real-time coordination, every step required careful planning and quick decision-making. 
The device itself had limitations. Its single-lens design restricted the field of view, requiring frequent manual adjustments to capture different angles—sometimes leading to delays or missed moments. Maintaining a steady shot added further logistical complexity. Additionally, the device could not connect directly to mobile devices, forcing us to use a less efficient method—recording the display with a phone—which affected image quality in certain lighting conditions.
This experience deepened my understanding of the potential of underwater live broadcasts as a way to showcase the inner workings of an underwater space city. While there is room for improvement, such as upgrading equipment and streamlining workflows, the possibilities are exciting. I am eager to build on this foundation and ensure future live broadcasts are smoother, more impactful, and more inspiring. Check out all 5 short reports by clicking the tabs above! Summary: UMIC’s Vision for Inclusive Space Exploration The UMIC project has successfully demonstrated a more inclusive approach to space exploration, creating a low-cost, environmentally friendly underwater space city while following the same scientific principles as NASA and ESA. Key Innovations:
Underwater serves as the closest mirror to space, and Earth remains the best school for interstellar civilisation. All images & videos copyright of Chris Yuan (UMIC project/Planet Expedition Commanders Academy)
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